Riso. Risography. Duplication

Riso(from English. Risofirm andgrafiaprinting), screen printing machine, which uses the screen printing form is produced in the machine itself on laser technology immediately before printing. A more exact title - "Stencil duplicator. The name "Riso" went from the popular device company RIZO, a household as Xerox. At risograph convenient to do printing of leaflets and any other printed products. Alternative digital printing for quick printing.

Risographybrand-name method for rotary screen printing using a printing form produced in burning the laser micro-conformal material for the formation of printing elements.

Circulation(French tirage) - The number of copies of the publication of a title.
Sometimes the circulation of periodicals (newspapers, magazines) is determined by the publisher on the number of subscribers (also including retail), circulation of books, brochures, etc. n.

Types of Circulation:

• small print runs (up to 15 thousand copies),
• medium (up to 100 thousand copies),
• massive (over 100 thousand copies). Mass circulation due to the high volume of printing work is usually printed in parts called factories.

There are editions:

• year - the amount of its circulation, which was published in the year under consideration in publishing, country and the amount of circulation of all editions of the periodical during the year.
• supplementary or overprint circulation - making shortly after passing the main circulation in the bookselling network within the same calendar year in advance was not planned, Unlike plant additional circulation due to unsatisfied demand. The term was of great importance in the years when necessary to distinguish in the payment of royalties for work, which had no rules of circulation, overprint of the re-publication. Then overprint circulation is an additional circulation made within a year of production the main circulation, a reprint, made in the next year, even in the absence of any changes - Reprint. Now, upon payment of royalties as a percentage of revenue from publishing, overprint circulation time does not matter. With a fixed amount of royalties; when required by law to set the maximum circulation overprint circulation over it already will be reprinting, requires a new copyright treaty and the new royalties. For statistics print edition of the book, made in the next year after the main circulation, considered reprinting. In the final data shall accompany the circulation of the words in parentheses: (overprint circulation) or (ext. edition).
• total - the sum of its circulation, publishing house (or several) for a certain period (the total number of copies in circulation of these publications).
• test - the original edition of the publication, issued to determine the demand for it and if successful, make additional copies, arisen to meet the demand, or by failure to limit expenditures only for a trial edition.
• one-off - the circulation of one issue, numbers volume of the periodical.
• medium - the quotient of the sum of all examined circulation of publications in their number.